Ka\u00e7 Ki\u015fiyle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131m? \u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve G\u00fc\u00e7 Analizi<\/title>\n<style>\n @import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Bitter:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400&family=Nunito+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,600;1,400&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap');\n\n :root {\n --bg: #f7f9fc;\n --surface: #ffffff;\n --ink: #1a202c;\n --ink-soft: #4a5568;\n --ink-faint: #a0aec0;\n --rule: #e2e8f0;\n --accent: #2b6cb0;\n --accent-light: #ebf8ff;\n --accent-dark: #1a365d;\n --green: #276749;\n --green-light: #f0fff4;\n --amber: #b7791f;\n --amber-light: #fffff0;\n --red: #9b2c2c;\n --red-light: #fff5f5;\n --border: #cbd5e0;\n }\n\n * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n\n body {\n font-family: 'Nunito Sans', sans-serif;\n background: var(--bg);\n color: var(--ink);\n font-size: 17px;\n line-height: 1.8;\n }\n\n .hero {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1a365d 0%, #2b6cb0 100%);\n color: white;\n padding: 4.5rem 2rem 3.5rem;\n position: relative;\n overflow: hidden;\n }\n\n .hero-grid {\n position: absolute;\n inset: 0;\n background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(\n 0deg, transparent, transparent 39px, rgba(255,255,255,0.04) 39px, rgba(255,255,255,0.04) 40px\n ), repeating-linear-gradient(\n 90deg, transparent, transparent 39px, rgba(255,255,255,0.04) 39px, rgba(255,255,255,0.04) 40px\n );\n }\n\n .hero-inner {\n max-width: 760px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n position: relative;\n z-index: 1;\n }\n\n .hero-tag {\n display: inline-block;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n letter-spacing: 0.14em;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12);\n color: #bee3f8;\n padding: 4px 12px;\n border-radius: 3px;\n margin-bottom: 1.25rem;\n }\n\n .hero h1 {\n font-family: 'Bitter', serif;\n font-size: clamp(1.9rem, 4.5vw, 3rem);\n font-weight: 700;\n line-height: 1.18;\n color: #fff;\n margin-bottom: 1rem;\n }\n\n .hero-sub {\n font-size: 1.05rem;\n color: #bee3f8;\n max-width: 580px;\n line-height: 1.65;\n }\n\n .container {\n max-width: 760px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n padding: 3.5rem 1.5rem 4rem;\n }\n\n .toc {\n background: var(--surface);\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--accent);\n padding: 1.4rem 1.75rem;\n margin-bottom: 3rem;\n border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;\n }\n\n .toc-label {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.12em;\n color: var(--ink-faint);\n margin-bottom: 0.75rem;\n }\n\n .toc ol { padding-left: 1.25rem; margin: 0; }\n .toc li { margin-bottom: 0.3rem; font-size: 15.5px; }\n .toc a { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: none; }\n .toc a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\n\n h2 {\n font-family: 'Bitter', serif;\n font-size: 1.65rem;\n font-weight: 700;\n color: var(--ink);\n margin: 3rem 0 1rem;\n padding-top: 2rem;\n border-top: 2px solid var(--rule);\n }\n\n h2:first-of-type { border-top: none; padding-top: 0; margin-top: 0; }\n\n h3 {\n font-family: 'Bitter', serif;\n font-size: 1.15rem;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--accent-dark);\n margin: 2rem 0 0.6rem;\n }\n\n p { margin-bottom: 1rem; }\n p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n strong { font-weight: 600; }\n em { font-style: italic; }\n a { color: var(--accent); }\n\n \/* Callouts *\/\n .callout {\n border-radius: 6px;\n padding: 1.1rem 1.4rem;\n margin: 1.75rem 0;\n border-left: 3px solid;\n }\n\n .callout-title {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n font-weight: 500;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n margin-bottom: 0.55rem;\n }\n\n .callout p { font-size: 15.5px; }\n\n .callout.blue { background: var(--accent-light); border-color: var(--accent); }\n .callout.blue .callout-title { color: var(--accent-dark); }\n .callout.green { background: var(--green-light); border-color: #38a169; }\n .callout.green .callout-title { color: var(--green); }\n .callout.amber { background: var(--amber-light); border-color: #d69e2e; }\n .callout.amber .callout-title { color: var(--amber); }\n .callout.red { background: var(--red-light); border-color: #fc8181; }\n .callout.red .callout-title { color: var(--red); }\n\n \/* Concept cards *\/\n .concept-grid {\n display: grid;\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n gap: 14px;\n margin: 1.75rem 0;\n }\n\n .concept-card {\n background: var(--surface);\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 8px;\n padding: 1.1rem 1.25rem;\n }\n\n .concept-card-title {\n font-family: 'Bitter', serif;\n font-size: 1rem;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--accent-dark);\n margin-bottom: 0.5rem;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 8px;\n }\n\n .concept-badge {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n background: var(--accent-light);\n color: var(--accent);\n padding: 2px 8px;\n border-radius: 3px;\n }\n\n .concept-card p { font-size: 14.5px; color: var(--ink-soft); margin: 0; }\n\n \/* Power dial visual *\/\n .power-visual {\n background: var(--surface);\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 8px;\n padding: 1.5rem;\n margin: 1.75rem 0;\n text-align: center;\n }\n\n .power-caption {\n font-size: 13px;\n color: var(--ink-faint);\n font-style: italic;\n margin-top: 0.75rem;\n }\n\n \/* G*Power steps *\/\n .step-list { margin: 1.5rem 0; }\n\n .step-item {\n display: flex;\n gap: 1rem;\n margin-bottom: 1.25rem;\n align-items: flex-start;\n }\n\n .step-num {\n flex-shrink: 0;\n width: 32px;\n height: 32px;\n background: var(--accent);\n color: white;\n border-radius: 50%;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 13px;\n font-weight: 500;\n margin-top: 2px;\n }\n\n .step-content { flex: 1; }\n .step-content strong { color: var(--accent-dark); }\n .step-content p { font-size: 15.5px; margin: 0.3rem 0 0; color: var(--ink-soft); }\n\n \/* Screenshot mockup *\/\n .gpower-mock {\n background: #f0f0f0;\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n border-radius: 8px;\n overflow: hidden;\n margin: 1.75rem 0;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 13px;\n }\n\n .gpower-titlebar {\n background: #d0d0d0;\n padding: 6px 12px;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 6px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #bbb;\n }\n\n .gpower-dot {\n width: 10px; height: 10px;\n border-radius: 50%;\n }\n\n .gpower-title {\n font-size: 11px;\n color: #555;\n margin-left: 6px;\n letter-spacing: 0.05em;\n }\n\n .gpower-body {\n padding: 1rem 1.25rem;\n background: #fafafa;\n display: grid;\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n gap: 0.75rem 2rem;\n }\n\n .gpower-field {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n gap: 3px;\n }\n\n .gpower-label {\n font-size: 11px;\n color: #666;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.06em;\n }\n\n .gpower-value {\n font-size: 14px;\n color: #1a202c;\n font-weight: 500;\n background: white;\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n padding: 4px 8px;\n border-radius: 3px;\n }\n\n .gpower-value.result {\n background: #ebf8ff;\n border-color: #90cdf4;\n color: #2b6cb0;\n font-weight: 700;\n }\n\n .gpower-footer {\n background: #2b6cb0;\n color: white;\n padding: 8px 16px;\n font-size: 13px;\n display: flex;\n justify-content: space-between;\n align-items: center;\n }\n\n \/* Summary table *\/\n .summary-table {\n width: 100%;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n margin: 1.75rem 0;\n font-size: 15px;\n }\n\n .summary-table th {\n background: var(--accent-dark);\n color: #bee3f8;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11.5px;\n font-weight: 500;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.07em;\n padding: 10px 14px;\n text-align: left;\n }\n\n .summary-table td {\n padding: 10px 14px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);\n vertical-align: top;\n color: var(--ink-soft);\n line-height: 1.55;\n }\n\n .summary-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }\n .summary-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background: #f7fafc; }\n .summary-table td:first-child { font-weight: 600; color: var(--ink); }\n\n \/* Effect size table *\/\n .es-table {\n width: 100%;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n margin: 1.25rem 0;\n font-size: 14.5px;\n }\n\n .es-table th {\n background: var(--accent);\n color: white;\n padding: 8px 12px;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.07em;\n text-align: left;\n }\n\n .es-table td {\n padding: 8px 12px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);\n color: var(--ink-soft);\n }\n\n .es-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }\n\n .badge {\n display: inline-block;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n padding: 2px 8px;\n border-radius: 3px;\n font-weight: 500;\n }\n\n .badge.small { background: #fed7d7; color: #9b2c2c; }\n .badge.medium { background: #fefcbf; color: #744210; }\n .badge.large { background: #c6f6d5; color: #276749; }\n\n hr.div { border: none; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); margin: 2.5rem 0; }\n\n .footer {\n background: var(--accent-dark);\n color: #bee3f8;\n text-align: center;\n padding: 2rem;\n font-size: 14px;\n margin-top: 3rem;\n }\n\n .footer a { color: #90cdf4; }\n\n @media (max-width: 600px) {\n .concept-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .gpower-body { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n }\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div class=\"hero\">\n <div class=\"hero-grid\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"hero-inner\">\n <div class=\"hero-tag\">Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Y\u00f6ntemleri \u2022 \u00d6rneklem<\/div>\n <h1>Ka\u00e7 Ki\u015fiyle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131m?<br>\u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve G\u00fc\u00e7 Analizi<\/h1>\n <p class=\"hero-sub\">“30 ki\u015fi yeter mi?” sorusunun arkas\u0131nda yatan mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlay\u0131n ve G*Power ile do\u011fru \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hesaplay\u0131n.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container\">\n\n <div class=\"toc\">\n <div class=\"toc-label\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/div>\n <ol>\n <li><a href=\"#neden\">“Ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi yeter?” sorusu neden bu kadar zor?<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#dort-kavram\">D\u00f6rt temel kavram: G\u00fc\u00e7, etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, alfa, n<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#hata\">\u0130ki t\u00fcr hata: Yanl\u0131\u015f alarm ve g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rma<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#etki\">Etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedir, nas\u0131l belirlenir?<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#gpower\">G*Power ile ad\u0131m ad\u0131m hesaplama<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#pratik\">Pratik \u00f6neriler ve s\u0131k yap\u0131lan hatalar<\/a><\/li>\n <\/ol>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <h2 id=\"neden\">“Ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi yeter?” sorusu neden bu kadar zor?<\/h2>\n\n <p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n en s\u0131k sordu\u011fu sorulardan biridir bu. Ve cevap \u00e7o\u011funlukla beklentinin aksine basit bir say\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n <p>“En az 30 ki\u015fi olsun”, “soru say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en az 3 kat\u0131 kadar ki\u015fi”, “her grup i\u00e7in 30”, “toplam 100 yeterli” gibi sezgisel kurallar ara\u015ft\u0131rma literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde dola\u015f\u0131p durur. Bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tamamen temelsizdir, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise \u00e7ok dar ba\u011flamlarda ge\u00e7erlidir. Sorun \u015fu: \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tek ba\u015f\u0131na anlam ta\u015f\u0131maz. <strong>Neyi tespit etmek istedi\u011finize<\/strong> ve <strong>ne kadar hata yapmaya raz\u0131 oldu\u011funuza<\/strong> ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <p>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir fark\u0131 tespit etmek istiyorsan\u0131z \u00e7ok say\u0131da kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131ya ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z var. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir fark bekliyorsan\u0131z daha az\u0131yla da yetinebilirsiniz. Ama bunu bilmeden “yeterli” diye bir say\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek anlams\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout blue\">\n <div class=\"callout-title\">Temel fikir<\/div>\n <p>\u00d6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma karar\u0131d\u0131r, \u015fans eseri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Veri toplamadan \u00f6nce hesaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r \u2014 sonradan “yeterli miydi?” diye sorgulamak \u00e7ok daha maliyetlidir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"dort-kavram\">D\u00f6rt temel kavram: G\u00fc\u00e7, etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, alfa, n<\/h2>\n\n <p>\u00d6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hesab\u0131 d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn birbirine ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir denklemdir. Birini sabitleyip di\u011ferlerini bilirseniz, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc otomatik olarak hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"concept-grid\">\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\">\n <span>\u0130statistiksel G\u00fc\u00e7<\/span>\n <span class=\"concept-badge\">1 \u2212 \u03b2<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <p>Ger\u00e7ekten var olan bir etkiyi tespit edebilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131. Genellikle <strong>0.80<\/strong> hedeflenir \u2014 yani ger\u00e7ek bir etki varsa bunu %80 ihtimalle yakalayabilmelisiniz.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\">\n <span>Etki B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/span>\n <span class=\"concept-badge\">ES<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <p>Tespit etmek istedi\u011finiz fark\u0131n veya ili\u015fkinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck etkiler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha fazla kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 gerekir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131z\u0131n en kritik parametresidir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\">\n <span>Anlaml\u0131l\u0131k D\u00fczeyi<\/span>\n <span class=\"concept-badge\">\u03b1<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <p>Etki yokken “etki var” deme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131. Sosyal bilimlerde genellikle <strong>0.05<\/strong> olarak belirlenir. Bu, yan\u0131lma pay\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n %5 oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\">\n <span>\u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/span>\n <span class=\"concept-badge\">n<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <p>Di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fer belirlendikten sonra hesaplanan b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck. Ya da n’yi sabitleyip g\u00fc\u00e7 hesaplanabilir \u2014 elde etti\u011finiz g\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>Bu d\u00f6rt kavram\u0131n ili\u015fkisini \u015f\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz: g\u00fc\u00e7, etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve alfa sabitken \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7 artar. Ya da \u00f6rneklem sabitteyken daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir etkiyi tespit etmek istiyorsan\u0131z g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcz d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"hata\">\u0130ki t\u00fcr hata: Yanl\u0131\u015f alarm ve g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rma<\/h2>\n\n <p>\u0130statistiksel karar verme, iki t\u00fcr hata aras\u0131nda bir denge kurmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"concept-grid\">\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\" style=\"color: #9b2c2c;\">\n Tip I Hata (\u03b1)\n <\/div>\n <p><strong>Yanl\u0131\u015f alarm:<\/strong> Ger\u00e7ekte hi\u00e7bir etki yokken “etki var” demek. Alfa d\u00fczeyini (0.05) kontrol ederek bu hatay\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlars\u0131n\u0131z. “Yokken var dedim” hatas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\" style=\"color: #276749;\">\n Tip II Hata (\u03b2)\n <\/div>\n <p><strong>G\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rma:<\/strong> Ger\u00e7ekte bir etki varken “yok” demek. G\u00fc\u00e7 (1\u2212\u03b2) bu hatay\u0131 kontrol eder. “Varken yok dedim” hatas\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"power-visual\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 520 160\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"max-width:520px; width:100%;\">\n \n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"10\" width=\"180\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#ebf8ff\" stroke=\"#90cdf4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"32\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#2b6cb0\" font-weight=\"600\">Ger\u00e7ekte etki YOK<\/text>\n <rect x=\"310\" y=\"10\" width=\"180\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f0fff4\" stroke=\"#9ae6b4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"32\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#276749\" font-weight=\"600\">Ger\u00e7ekte etki VAR<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"55\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#4a5568\">“Yok” dediniz<\/text>\n <text x=\"55\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#4a5568\">“Var” dediniz<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"54\" width=\"180\" height=\"44\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f0fff4\" stroke=\"#9ae6b4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#276749\" font-weight=\"600\">\u2713 Do\u011fru<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"310\" y=\"54\" width=\"180\" height=\"44\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff5f5\" stroke=\"#feb2b2\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#9b2c2c\" font-weight=\"600\">\u2717 Tip II Hata (\u03b2)<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#9b2c2c\">G\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rma<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"106\" width=\"180\" height=\"44\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff5f5\" stroke=\"#feb2b2\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#9b2c2c\" font-weight=\"600\">\u2717 Tip I Hata (\u03b1)<\/text>\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#9b2c2c\">Yanl\u0131\u015f alarm<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"310\" y=\"106\" width=\"180\" height=\"44\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f0fff4\" stroke=\"#9ae6b4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#276749\" font-weight=\"600\">\u2713 Do\u011fru (1\u2212\u03b2)<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#276749\">\u0130statistiksel g\u00fc\u00e7<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n <p class=\"power-caption\">\u0130statistiksel karar matrisi: d\u00f6rt olas\u0131 durum<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\u00d6rneklem k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fck\u00e7e Tip II hata olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar \u2014 yani ger\u00e7ek bir etkiyi ka\u00e7\u0131rma ihtimaliniz y\u00fckselir. Bu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunudur: etki yoktur sonucuna var\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z ama asl\u0131nda etki vard\u0131, sadece yeterince kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131z yoktu.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-title\">S\u0131k yap\u0131lan hata<\/div>\n <p>Anlaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131, “etki yok” anlam\u0131na <em>gelmez<\/em>. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada etki var ama siz onu tespit edememi\u015f olabilirsiniz. “Anlaml\u0131 de\u011fil” ile “etki yok” ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"etki\">Etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedir, nas\u0131l belirlenir?<\/h2>\n\n <p>Etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hesab\u0131n\u0131n en kritik ve ayn\u0131 zamanda en zor par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Tespit etmek istedi\u011finiz fark\u0131 standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir birimle ifade eder.<\/p>\n\n <p>Her test i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. En yayg\u0131n olanlar\u0131:<\/p>\n\n <table class=\"es-table\">\n <tr>\n <th>Test \/ Analiz<\/th>\n <th>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/th>\n <th>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck<\/th>\n <th>Orta<\/th>\n <th>B\u00fcy\u00fck<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>t-testi<\/td>\n <td>Cohen’s d<\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge small\">d = 0.20<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge medium\">d = 0.50<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge large\">d = 0.80<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>ANOVA<\/td>\n <td>Cohen’s f<\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge small\">f = 0.10<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge medium\">f = 0.25<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge large\">f = 0.40<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Korelasyon<\/td>\n <td>r<\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge small\">r = 0.10<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge medium\">r = 0.30<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge large\">r = 0.50<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ki-kare<\/td>\n <td>Cohen’s w<\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge small\">w = 0.10<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge medium\">w = 0.30<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge large\">w = 0.50<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Regresyon (R\u00b2)<\/td>\n <td>Cohen’s f\u00b2<\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge small\">f\u00b2 = 0.02<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge medium\">f\u00b2 = 0.15<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge large\">f\u00b2 = 0.35<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/table>\n\n <h3>Etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l belirlersiniz?<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u00dc\u00e7 yol vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"step-list\">\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">1<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Literat\u00fcrden yararlan\u0131n<\/strong>\n <p>Ayn\u0131 veya benzer konuda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bildirilen etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerini kullan\u0131n. Bu en sa\u011flam yoldur.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">2<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Pilot \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131n<\/strong>\n <p>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00f6rneklemle \u00f6n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131n, elde etti\u011finiz etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc esas ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131z i\u00e7in kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">3<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Geleneksel de\u011ferleri kullan\u0131n<\/strong>\n <p>Literat\u00fcrde bilgi yoksa Cohen’in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\/orta\/b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz. Ancak “orta etki” varsay\u0131m\u0131 sizi yan\u0131ltabilir \u2014 alan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7eklerine dikkat edin.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-title\">Dikkat<\/div>\n <p>Sosyal bilimlerde etkiler \u00e7o\u011funlukla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. “Orta etki varsay\u0131yorum” diyerek hesaplanan \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri, ger\u00e7ekte k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck etkilerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda yetersiz kal\u0131r. Kendi alan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n meta-analizlerine bak\u0131n.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"gpower\">G*Power ile ad\u0131m ad\u0131m hesaplama<\/h2>\n\n <p>G*Power, \u00fccretsiz, g\u00fcvenilir ve yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan bir g\u00fc\u00e7 analizi program\u0131d\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologie.hhu.de\/arbeitsgruppen\/allgemeine-psychologie-und-arbeitspsychologie\/gpower\" target=\"_blank\">psychologie.hhu.de<\/a> adresinden indirilebilir. Windows ve Mac s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri mevcuttur.<\/p>\n\n <h3>\u00d6rnek senaryo: Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6rneklem t-testi<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u0130ki grup aras\u0131nda orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir fark (d = 0.50) oldu\u011funu bekliyorsunuz. G\u00fc\u00e7 0.80, alfa 0.05 olsun. Ka\u00e7 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131ya ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z var?<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"step-list\">\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">1<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Test Family se\u00e7in<\/strong>\n <p>\u00dcst men\u00fcden <em>Test family \u2192 t tests<\/em> se\u00e7in.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">2<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Statistical Test se\u00e7in<\/strong>\n <p><em>Means: Difference between two independent groups<\/em> se\u00e7ene\u011fini t\u0131klay\u0131n.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">3<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Type of power analysis se\u00e7in<\/strong>\n <p><em>A priori<\/em> se\u00e7in \u2014 yani \u00f6nceden planlama yap\u0131yorsunuz, n’yi hesaplatmak istiyorsunuz.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">4<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>De\u011ferleri girin<\/strong>\n <p>Effect size d = <strong>0.50<\/strong> \u00b7 \u03b1 err prob = <strong>0.05<\/strong> \u00b7 Power (1-\u03b2) = <strong>0.80<\/strong> \u00b7 Allocation ratio = <strong>1<\/strong> (gruplar e\u015fit)<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">5<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Calculate’e t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/strong>\n <p>G*Power size toplam ve her grup i\u00e7in gereken n’yi verir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"gpower-mock\">\n <div class=\"gpower-titlebar\">\n <div class=\"gpower-dot\" style=\"background:#ff5f57;\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-dot\" style=\"background:#febc2e;\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-dot\" style=\"background:#28c840;\"><\/div>\n <span class=\"gpower-title\">G*Power 3.1 \u2014 t tests: Means: Difference between two independent groups<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-body\">\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Effect size d<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value\">0.50<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">\u03b1 err prob<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value\">0.05<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Power (1-\u03b2)<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value\">0.80<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Allocation ratio n2\/n1<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value\">1<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Sample size group 1<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value result\">51<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Sample size group 2<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value result\">51<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Total sample size<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value result\">102<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Actual power<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value result\">0.8018<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-footer\">\n <span>A priori: Compute required sample size<\/span>\n <span style=\"opacity:0.7;\">Two-tailed<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>Sonu\u00e7: Orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir etkiyi %80 g\u00fc\u00e7le tespit etmek i\u00e7in her grupta <strong>51<\/strong>, toplamda <strong>102<\/strong> kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131ya ihtiya\u00e7 var. “Her gruptan 30 yeter” diyenler bu durumda g\u00fcc\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131k %54’e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcyor \u2014 yani ger\u00e7ek bir etki olsa bile bunu ancak yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya tespit edebilecekler.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Di\u011fer analizler i\u00e7in G*Power men\u00fcleri<\/h3>\n\n <table class=\"summary-table\">\n <tr>\n <th>Analiz<\/th>\n <th>Test Family<\/th>\n <th>Statistical Test<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>E\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f t-testi<\/td>\n <td>t tests<\/td>\n <td>Means: Difference between two dependent groups<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc ANOVA<\/td>\n <td>F tests<\/td>\n <td>ANOVA: Fixed effects, omnibus, one-way<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Korelasyon<\/td>\n <td>t tests<\/td>\n <td>Correlation: Point biserial model<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\u00c7oklu regresyon<\/td>\n <td>F tests<\/td>\n <td>Linear multiple regression: Fixed model, R\u00b2 deviation from zero<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ki-kare<\/td>\n <td>Chi-square tests<\/td>\n <td>Goodness-of-fit tests \/ Contingency tables<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Lojistik regresyon<\/td>\n <td>z tests<\/td>\n <td>Logistic regression<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"pratik\">Pratik \u00f6neriler ve s\u0131k yap\u0131lan hatalar<\/h2>\n\n <h3>Ne zaman g\u00fc\u00e7 analizi yap\u0131lmal\u0131?<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u0130deal olan <strong>veri toplamadan \u00f6nce<\/strong> \u2014 buna <em>a priori<\/em> g\u00fc\u00e7 analizi denir. Bu, ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131z\u0131 gereksiz yere k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck tutmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n <p>Veri topland\u0131ktan sonra yap\u0131lan <em>post-hoc<\/em> g\u00fc\u00e7 analizi ise \u00e7ok daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bilgi verir ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. “Anlaml\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fcm ne kadard\u0131?” sorusu post-hoc analizle yan\u0131tlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ama bu hesap b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gereksizdir \u2014 anlaml\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmayan sonu\u00e7tan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 zaten anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout green\">\n <div class=\"callout-title\">\u0130yi bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k<\/div>\n <p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6nerinizi yazarken veya etik kurula ba\u015fvururken g\u00fc\u00e7 analizinizi yap\u0131n ve kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtin. “Literat\u00fcrdeki benzer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan elde edilen ortalama d = 0.45 temel al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r” gibi bir ifade, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131za g\u00fcvenilirlik katar.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>S\u0131k yap\u0131lan hatalar<\/h3>\n\n <div class=\"step-list\">\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">!<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 tahmin etmek<\/strong>\n <p>“B\u00fcy\u00fck etki bekliyorum” deyip az kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, ger\u00e7ek etki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca anlaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7 vermeyen bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">!<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Kay\u0131plar\u0131 hesaba katmamak<\/strong>\n <p>Uygulama s\u0131ras\u0131nda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00e7ekilebilir, veriler eksik kalabilir. Hesaplanan n’ye %10\u201320 ekleme yapmak yayg\u0131n bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">!<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Toplam n ile grup n’sini kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak<\/strong>\n <p>G*Power’\u0131n verdi\u011fi sonu\u00e7 bazen her grup i\u00e7in, bazen toplamad\u0131r. \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 dikkatlice okuyun.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">!<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>G\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksek tutmak i\u00e7in her zaman n art\u0131rmak<\/strong>\n <p>G\u00fc\u00e7 art\u0131rman\u0131n tek yolu n de\u011fildir. Daha iyi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ara\u00e7lar\u0131, daha homojen \u00f6rneklem veya tekrarl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm deseni de g\u00fcc\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout blue\">\n <div class=\"callout-title\">Son not<\/div>\n <p>G\u00fc\u00e7 analizi bir garanti de\u011fildir. Belirledi\u011finiz ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, o etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tespit etme <em>olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/em> size verir. Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya her zaman biraz farkl\u0131 i\u015fler \u2014 ama planl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak planlamadan \u00e7ok daha iyi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furur.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n <p style=\"font-size: 15px; color: var(--ink-faint); text-align: center; font-style: italic;\">\n Bu yaz\u0131 hakk\u0131nda sorular\u0131n\u0131z varsa yorum b\u0131rakabilirsiniz.<br>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\">istatistik.gen.tr<\/a>\n <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"footer\">\n <p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\">istatistik.gen.tr<\/a> \u2014 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e istatistik ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri<\/p>\n <p style=\"margin-top: 6px; opacity: 0.6; font-size: 13px;\">Bir proje kapsam\u0131nda yapay zeka taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ka\u00e7 Ki\u015fiyle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131m? \u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve G\u00fc\u00e7 Analizi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Y\u00f6ntemleri \u2022 \u00d6rneklem Ka\u00e7 Ki\u015fiyle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131m?\u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve G\u00fc\u00e7 Analizi “30 ki\u015fi yeter mi?” sorusunun arkas\u0131nda yatan mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlay\u0131n ve G*Power ile do\u011fru \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hesaplay\u0131n. \u0130\u00e7indekiler “Ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi yeter?” sorusu neden bu kadar zor? D\u00f6rt temel kavram: G\u00fc\u00e7, etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, alfa, n \u0130ki t\u00fcr hata:…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1267"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1271,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267\/revisions\/1271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1267"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1267"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1267"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

{"id":1267,"date":"2026-04-12T16:33:37","date_gmt":"2026-04-12T13:33:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/?p=1267"},"modified":"2026-04-12T21:37:50","modified_gmt":"2026-04-12T18:37:50","slug":"orneklem-buyuklugu-nasil-belirlenir-orneklem-icin-kac-kisi-yeterlidir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/?p=1267","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nas\u0131l belirlenir? \u00d6rneklem i\u00e7in ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi yeterlidir?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\nKa\u00e7 Ki\u015fiyle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131m? \u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve G\u00fc\u00e7 Analizi<\/title>\n<style>\n @import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Bitter:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400&family=Nunito+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,600;1,400&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap');\n\n :root {\n --bg: #f7f9fc;\n --surface: #ffffff;\n --ink: #1a202c;\n --ink-soft: #4a5568;\n --ink-faint: #a0aec0;\n --rule: #e2e8f0;\n --accent: #2b6cb0;\n --accent-light: #ebf8ff;\n --accent-dark: #1a365d;\n --green: #276749;\n --green-light: #f0fff4;\n --amber: #b7791f;\n --amber-light: #fffff0;\n --red: #9b2c2c;\n --red-light: #fff5f5;\n --border: #cbd5e0;\n }\n\n * { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\n\n body {\n font-family: 'Nunito Sans', sans-serif;\n background: var(--bg);\n color: var(--ink);\n font-size: 17px;\n line-height: 1.8;\n }\n\n .hero {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1a365d 0%, #2b6cb0 100%);\n color: white;\n padding: 4.5rem 2rem 3.5rem;\n position: relative;\n overflow: hidden;\n }\n\n .hero-grid {\n position: absolute;\n inset: 0;\n background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(\n 0deg, transparent, transparent 39px, rgba(255,255,255,0.04) 39px, rgba(255,255,255,0.04) 40px\n ), repeating-linear-gradient(\n 90deg, transparent, transparent 39px, rgba(255,255,255,0.04) 39px, rgba(255,255,255,0.04) 40px\n );\n }\n\n .hero-inner {\n max-width: 760px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n position: relative;\n z-index: 1;\n }\n\n .hero-tag {\n display: inline-block;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n letter-spacing: 0.14em;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.12);\n color: #bee3f8;\n padding: 4px 12px;\n border-radius: 3px;\n margin-bottom: 1.25rem;\n }\n\n .hero h1 {\n font-family: 'Bitter', serif;\n font-size: clamp(1.9rem, 4.5vw, 3rem);\n font-weight: 700;\n line-height: 1.18;\n color: #fff;\n margin-bottom: 1rem;\n }\n\n .hero-sub {\n font-size: 1.05rem;\n color: #bee3f8;\n max-width: 580px;\n line-height: 1.65;\n }\n\n .container {\n max-width: 760px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n padding: 3.5rem 1.5rem 4rem;\n }\n\n .toc {\n background: var(--surface);\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--accent);\n padding: 1.4rem 1.75rem;\n margin-bottom: 3rem;\n border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0;\n }\n\n .toc-label {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.12em;\n color: var(--ink-faint);\n margin-bottom: 0.75rem;\n }\n\n .toc ol { padding-left: 1.25rem; margin: 0; }\n .toc li { margin-bottom: 0.3rem; font-size: 15.5px; }\n .toc a { color: var(--accent); text-decoration: none; }\n .toc a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\n\n h2 {\n font-family: 'Bitter', serif;\n font-size: 1.65rem;\n font-weight: 700;\n color: var(--ink);\n margin: 3rem 0 1rem;\n padding-top: 2rem;\n border-top: 2px solid var(--rule);\n }\n\n h2:first-of-type { border-top: none; padding-top: 0; margin-top: 0; }\n\n h3 {\n font-family: 'Bitter', serif;\n font-size: 1.15rem;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--accent-dark);\n margin: 2rem 0 0.6rem;\n }\n\n p { margin-bottom: 1rem; }\n p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n strong { font-weight: 600; }\n em { font-style: italic; }\n a { color: var(--accent); }\n\n \/* Callouts *\/\n .callout {\n border-radius: 6px;\n padding: 1.1rem 1.4rem;\n margin: 1.75rem 0;\n border-left: 3px solid;\n }\n\n .callout-title {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n font-weight: 500;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n margin-bottom: 0.55rem;\n }\n\n .callout p { font-size: 15.5px; }\n\n .callout.blue { background: var(--accent-light); border-color: var(--accent); }\n .callout.blue .callout-title { color: var(--accent-dark); }\n .callout.green { background: var(--green-light); border-color: #38a169; }\n .callout.green .callout-title { color: var(--green); }\n .callout.amber { background: var(--amber-light); border-color: #d69e2e; }\n .callout.amber .callout-title { color: var(--amber); }\n .callout.red { background: var(--red-light); border-color: #fc8181; }\n .callout.red .callout-title { color: var(--red); }\n\n \/* Concept cards *\/\n .concept-grid {\n display: grid;\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n gap: 14px;\n margin: 1.75rem 0;\n }\n\n .concept-card {\n background: var(--surface);\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 8px;\n padding: 1.1rem 1.25rem;\n }\n\n .concept-card-title {\n font-family: 'Bitter', serif;\n font-size: 1rem;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--accent-dark);\n margin-bottom: 0.5rem;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 8px;\n }\n\n .concept-badge {\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n background: var(--accent-light);\n color: var(--accent);\n padding: 2px 8px;\n border-radius: 3px;\n }\n\n .concept-card p { font-size: 14.5px; color: var(--ink-soft); margin: 0; }\n\n \/* Power dial visual *\/\n .power-visual {\n background: var(--surface);\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 8px;\n padding: 1.5rem;\n margin: 1.75rem 0;\n text-align: center;\n }\n\n .power-caption {\n font-size: 13px;\n color: var(--ink-faint);\n font-style: italic;\n margin-top: 0.75rem;\n }\n\n \/* G*Power steps *\/\n .step-list { margin: 1.5rem 0; }\n\n .step-item {\n display: flex;\n gap: 1rem;\n margin-bottom: 1.25rem;\n align-items: flex-start;\n }\n\n .step-num {\n flex-shrink: 0;\n width: 32px;\n height: 32px;\n background: var(--accent);\n color: white;\n border-radius: 50%;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 13px;\n font-weight: 500;\n margin-top: 2px;\n }\n\n .step-content { flex: 1; }\n .step-content strong { color: var(--accent-dark); }\n .step-content p { font-size: 15.5px; margin: 0.3rem 0 0; color: var(--ink-soft); }\n\n \/* Screenshot mockup *\/\n .gpower-mock {\n background: #f0f0f0;\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n border-radius: 8px;\n overflow: hidden;\n margin: 1.75rem 0;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 13px;\n }\n\n .gpower-titlebar {\n background: #d0d0d0;\n padding: 6px 12px;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 6px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid #bbb;\n }\n\n .gpower-dot {\n width: 10px; height: 10px;\n border-radius: 50%;\n }\n\n .gpower-title {\n font-size: 11px;\n color: #555;\n margin-left: 6px;\n letter-spacing: 0.05em;\n }\n\n .gpower-body {\n padding: 1rem 1.25rem;\n background: #fafafa;\n display: grid;\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n gap: 0.75rem 2rem;\n }\n\n .gpower-field {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n gap: 3px;\n }\n\n .gpower-label {\n font-size: 11px;\n color: #666;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.06em;\n }\n\n .gpower-value {\n font-size: 14px;\n color: #1a202c;\n font-weight: 500;\n background: white;\n border: 1px solid #ccc;\n padding: 4px 8px;\n border-radius: 3px;\n }\n\n .gpower-value.result {\n background: #ebf8ff;\n border-color: #90cdf4;\n color: #2b6cb0;\n font-weight: 700;\n }\n\n .gpower-footer {\n background: #2b6cb0;\n color: white;\n padding: 8px 16px;\n font-size: 13px;\n display: flex;\n justify-content: space-between;\n align-items: center;\n }\n\n \/* Summary table *\/\n .summary-table {\n width: 100%;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n margin: 1.75rem 0;\n font-size: 15px;\n }\n\n .summary-table th {\n background: var(--accent-dark);\n color: #bee3f8;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11.5px;\n font-weight: 500;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.07em;\n padding: 10px 14px;\n text-align: left;\n }\n\n .summary-table td {\n padding: 10px 14px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);\n vertical-align: top;\n color: var(--ink-soft);\n line-height: 1.55;\n }\n\n .summary-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }\n .summary-table tr:nth-child(even) td { background: #f7fafc; }\n .summary-table td:first-child { font-weight: 600; color: var(--ink); }\n\n \/* Effect size table *\/\n .es-table {\n width: 100%;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n margin: 1.25rem 0;\n font-size: 14.5px;\n }\n\n .es-table th {\n background: var(--accent);\n color: white;\n padding: 8px 12px;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n letter-spacing: 0.07em;\n text-align: left;\n }\n\n .es-table td {\n padding: 8px 12px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rule);\n color: var(--ink-soft);\n }\n\n .es-table tr:last-child td { border-bottom: none; }\n\n .badge {\n display: inline-block;\n font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n padding: 2px 8px;\n border-radius: 3px;\n font-weight: 500;\n }\n\n .badge.small { background: #fed7d7; color: #9b2c2c; }\n .badge.medium { background: #fefcbf; color: #744210; }\n .badge.large { background: #c6f6d5; color: #276749; }\n\n hr.div { border: none; border-top: 1px solid var(--rule); margin: 2.5rem 0; }\n\n .footer {\n background: var(--accent-dark);\n color: #bee3f8;\n text-align: center;\n padding: 2rem;\n font-size: 14px;\n margin-top: 3rem;\n }\n\n .footer a { color: #90cdf4; }\n\n @media (max-width: 600px) {\n .concept-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n .gpower-body { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n }\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div class=\"hero\">\n <div class=\"hero-grid\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"hero-inner\">\n <div class=\"hero-tag\">Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Y\u00f6ntemleri \u2022 \u00d6rneklem<\/div>\n <h1>Ka\u00e7 Ki\u015fiyle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131m?<br>\u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve G\u00fc\u00e7 Analizi<\/h1>\n <p class=\"hero-sub\">“30 ki\u015fi yeter mi?” sorusunun arkas\u0131nda yatan mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlay\u0131n ve G*Power ile do\u011fru \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hesaplay\u0131n.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"container\">\n\n <div class=\"toc\">\n <div class=\"toc-label\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/div>\n <ol>\n <li><a href=\"#neden\">“Ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi yeter?” sorusu neden bu kadar zor?<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#dort-kavram\">D\u00f6rt temel kavram: G\u00fc\u00e7, etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, alfa, n<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#hata\">\u0130ki t\u00fcr hata: Yanl\u0131\u015f alarm ve g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rma<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#etki\">Etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedir, nas\u0131l belirlenir?<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#gpower\">G*Power ile ad\u0131m ad\u0131m hesaplama<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#pratik\">Pratik \u00f6neriler ve s\u0131k yap\u0131lan hatalar<\/a><\/li>\n <\/ol>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <h2 id=\"neden\">“Ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi yeter?” sorusu neden bu kadar zor?<\/h2>\n\n <p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n en s\u0131k sordu\u011fu sorulardan biridir bu. Ve cevap \u00e7o\u011funlukla beklentinin aksine basit bir say\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n <p>“En az 30 ki\u015fi olsun”, “soru say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en az 3 kat\u0131 kadar ki\u015fi”, “her grup i\u00e7in 30”, “toplam 100 yeterli” gibi sezgisel kurallar ara\u015ft\u0131rma literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde dola\u015f\u0131p durur. Bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tamamen temelsizdir, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise \u00e7ok dar ba\u011flamlarda ge\u00e7erlidir. Sorun \u015fu: \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tek ba\u015f\u0131na anlam ta\u015f\u0131maz. <strong>Neyi tespit etmek istedi\u011finize<\/strong> ve <strong>ne kadar hata yapmaya raz\u0131 oldu\u011funuza<\/strong> ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <p>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir fark\u0131 tespit etmek istiyorsan\u0131z \u00e7ok say\u0131da kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131ya ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z var. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir fark bekliyorsan\u0131z daha az\u0131yla da yetinebilirsiniz. Ama bunu bilmeden “yeterli” diye bir say\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek anlams\u0131zd\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout blue\">\n <div class=\"callout-title\">Temel fikir<\/div>\n <p>\u00d6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma karar\u0131d\u0131r, \u015fans eseri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Veri toplamadan \u00f6nce hesaplanmal\u0131d\u0131r \u2014 sonradan “yeterli miydi?” diye sorgulamak \u00e7ok daha maliyetlidir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"dort-kavram\">D\u00f6rt temel kavram: G\u00fc\u00e7, etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, alfa, n<\/h2>\n\n <p>\u00d6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hesab\u0131 d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn birbirine ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir denklemdir. Birini sabitleyip di\u011ferlerini bilirseniz, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc otomatik olarak hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"concept-grid\">\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\">\n <span>\u0130statistiksel G\u00fc\u00e7<\/span>\n <span class=\"concept-badge\">1 \u2212 \u03b2<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <p>Ger\u00e7ekten var olan bir etkiyi tespit edebilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131. Genellikle <strong>0.80<\/strong> hedeflenir \u2014 yani ger\u00e7ek bir etki varsa bunu %80 ihtimalle yakalayabilmelisiniz.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\">\n <span>Etki B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/span>\n <span class=\"concept-badge\">ES<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <p>Tespit etmek istedi\u011finiz fark\u0131n veya ili\u015fkinin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck etkiler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok daha fazla kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 gerekir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131z\u0131n en kritik parametresidir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\">\n <span>Anlaml\u0131l\u0131k D\u00fczeyi<\/span>\n <span class=\"concept-badge\">\u03b1<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <p>Etki yokken “etki var” deme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131. Sosyal bilimlerde genellikle <strong>0.05<\/strong> olarak belirlenir. Bu, yan\u0131lma pay\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n %5 oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\">\n <span>\u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/span>\n <span class=\"concept-badge\">n<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <p>Di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fer belirlendikten sonra hesaplanan b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck. Ya da n’yi sabitleyip g\u00fc\u00e7 hesaplanabilir \u2014 elde etti\u011finiz g\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>Bu d\u00f6rt kavram\u0131n ili\u015fkisini \u015f\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsiniz: g\u00fc\u00e7, etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve alfa sabitken \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7 artar. Ya da \u00f6rneklem sabitteyken daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir etkiyi tespit etmek istiyorsan\u0131z g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcz d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"hata\">\u0130ki t\u00fcr hata: Yanl\u0131\u015f alarm ve g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rma<\/h2>\n\n <p>\u0130statistiksel karar verme, iki t\u00fcr hata aras\u0131nda bir denge kurmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"concept-grid\">\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\" style=\"color: #9b2c2c;\">\n Tip I Hata (\u03b1)\n <\/div>\n <p><strong>Yanl\u0131\u015f alarm:<\/strong> Ger\u00e7ekte hi\u00e7bir etki yokken “etki var” demek. Alfa d\u00fczeyini (0.05) kontrol ederek bu hatay\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlars\u0131n\u0131z. “Yokken var dedim” hatas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"concept-card\">\n <div class=\"concept-card-title\" style=\"color: #276749;\">\n Tip II Hata (\u03b2)\n <\/div>\n <p><strong>G\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rma:<\/strong> Ger\u00e7ekte bir etki varken “yok” demek. G\u00fc\u00e7 (1\u2212\u03b2) bu hatay\u0131 kontrol eder. “Varken yok dedim” hatas\u0131d\u0131r. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"power-visual\">\n <svg viewBox=\"0 0 520 160\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" style=\"max-width:520px; width:100%;\">\n \n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"10\" width=\"180\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#ebf8ff\" stroke=\"#90cdf4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"32\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#2b6cb0\" font-weight=\"600\">Ger\u00e7ekte etki YOK<\/text>\n <rect x=\"310\" y=\"10\" width=\"180\" height=\"34\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f0fff4\" stroke=\"#9ae6b4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"32\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#276749\" font-weight=\"600\">Ger\u00e7ekte etki VAR<\/text>\n\n \n <text x=\"55\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#4a5568\">“Yok” dediniz<\/text>\n <text x=\"55\" y=\"132\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#4a5568\">“Var” dediniz<\/text>\n\n \n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"54\" width=\"180\" height=\"44\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f0fff4\" stroke=\"#9ae6b4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"80\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#276749\" font-weight=\"600\">\u2713 Do\u011fru<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"310\" y=\"54\" width=\"180\" height=\"44\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff5f5\" stroke=\"#feb2b2\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"74\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#9b2c2c\" font-weight=\"600\">\u2717 Tip II Hata (\u03b2)<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"90\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#9b2c2c\">G\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rma<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"120\" y=\"106\" width=\"180\" height=\"44\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#fff5f5\" stroke=\"#feb2b2\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#9b2c2c\" font-weight=\"600\">\u2717 Tip I Hata (\u03b1)<\/text>\n <text x=\"210\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#9b2c2c\">Yanl\u0131\u015f alarm<\/text>\n\n <rect x=\"310\" y=\"106\" width=\"180\" height=\"44\" rx=\"3\" fill=\"#f0fff4\" stroke=\"#9ae6b4\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"126\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#276749\" font-weight=\"600\">\u2713 Do\u011fru (1\u2212\u03b2)<\/text>\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"142\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"sans-serif\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#276749\">\u0130statistiksel g\u00fc\u00e7<\/text>\n <\/svg>\n <p class=\"power-caption\">\u0130statistiksel karar matrisi: d\u00f6rt olas\u0131 durum<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\u00d6rneklem k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fck\u00e7e Tip II hata olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artar \u2014 yani ger\u00e7ek bir etkiyi ka\u00e7\u0131rma ihtimaliniz y\u00fckselir. Bu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunudur: etki yoktur sonucuna var\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z ama asl\u0131nda etki vard\u0131, sadece yeterince kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131z yoktu.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout amber\">\n <div class=\"callout-title\">S\u0131k yap\u0131lan hata<\/div>\n <p>Anlaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131, “etki yok” anlam\u0131na <em>gelmez<\/em>. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada etki var ama siz onu tespit edememi\u015f olabilirsiniz. “Anlaml\u0131 de\u011fil” ile “etki yok” ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"etki\">Etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedir, nas\u0131l belirlenir?<\/h2>\n\n <p>Etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hesab\u0131n\u0131n en kritik ve ayn\u0131 zamanda en zor par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Tespit etmek istedi\u011finiz fark\u0131 standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir birimle ifade eder.<\/p>\n\n <p>Her test i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctleri kullan\u0131l\u0131r. En yayg\u0131n olanlar\u0131:<\/p>\n\n <table class=\"es-table\">\n <tr>\n <th>Test \/ Analiz<\/th>\n <th>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fct<\/th>\n <th>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck<\/th>\n <th>Orta<\/th>\n <th>B\u00fcy\u00fck<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>t-testi<\/td>\n <td>Cohen’s d<\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge small\">d = 0.20<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge medium\">d = 0.50<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge large\">d = 0.80<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>ANOVA<\/td>\n <td>Cohen’s f<\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge small\">f = 0.10<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge medium\">f = 0.25<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge large\">f = 0.40<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Korelasyon<\/td>\n <td>r<\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge small\">r = 0.10<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge medium\">r = 0.30<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge large\">r = 0.50<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ki-kare<\/td>\n <td>Cohen’s w<\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge small\">w = 0.10<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge medium\">w = 0.30<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge large\">w = 0.50<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Regresyon (R\u00b2)<\/td>\n <td>Cohen’s f\u00b2<\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge small\">f\u00b2 = 0.02<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge medium\">f\u00b2 = 0.15<\/span><\/td>\n <td><span class=\"badge large\">f\u00b2 = 0.35<\/span><\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/table>\n\n <h3>Etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l belirlersiniz?<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u00dc\u00e7 yol vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"step-list\">\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">1<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Literat\u00fcrden yararlan\u0131n<\/strong>\n <p>Ayn\u0131 veya benzer konuda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6nceki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bildirilen etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerini kullan\u0131n. Bu en sa\u011flam yoldur.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">2<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Pilot \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131n<\/strong>\n <p>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00f6rneklemle \u00f6n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131n, elde etti\u011finiz etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc esas ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131z i\u00e7in kullan\u0131n.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">3<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Geleneksel de\u011ferleri kullan\u0131n<\/strong>\n <p>Literat\u00fcrde bilgi yoksa Cohen’in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\/orta\/b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz. Ancak “orta etki” varsay\u0131m\u0131 sizi yan\u0131ltabilir \u2014 alan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7eklerine dikkat edin.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout red\">\n <div class=\"callout-title\">Dikkat<\/div>\n <p>Sosyal bilimlerde etkiler \u00e7o\u011funlukla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcr. “Orta etki varsay\u0131yorum” diyerek hesaplanan \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri, ger\u00e7ekte k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck etkilerle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda yetersiz kal\u0131r. Kendi alan\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n meta-analizlerine bak\u0131n.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"gpower\">G*Power ile ad\u0131m ad\u0131m hesaplama<\/h2>\n\n <p>G*Power, \u00fccretsiz, g\u00fcvenilir ve yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lan bir g\u00fc\u00e7 analizi program\u0131d\u0131r. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologie.hhu.de\/arbeitsgruppen\/allgemeine-psychologie-und-arbeitspsychologie\/gpower\" target=\"_blank\">psychologie.hhu.de<\/a> adresinden indirilebilir. Windows ve Mac s\u00fcr\u00fcmleri mevcuttur.<\/p>\n\n <h3>\u00d6rnek senaryo: Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00f6rneklem t-testi<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u0130ki grup aras\u0131nda orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir fark (d = 0.50) oldu\u011funu bekliyorsunuz. G\u00fc\u00e7 0.80, alfa 0.05 olsun. Ka\u00e7 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131ya ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131z var?<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"step-list\">\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">1<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Test Family se\u00e7in<\/strong>\n <p>\u00dcst men\u00fcden <em>Test family \u2192 t tests<\/em> se\u00e7in.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">2<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Statistical Test se\u00e7in<\/strong>\n <p><em>Means: Difference between two independent groups<\/em> se\u00e7ene\u011fini t\u0131klay\u0131n.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">3<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Type of power analysis se\u00e7in<\/strong>\n <p><em>A priori<\/em> se\u00e7in \u2014 yani \u00f6nceden planlama yap\u0131yorsunuz, n’yi hesaplatmak istiyorsunuz.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">4<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>De\u011ferleri girin<\/strong>\n <p>Effect size d = <strong>0.50<\/strong> \u00b7 \u03b1 err prob = <strong>0.05<\/strong> \u00b7 Power (1-\u03b2) = <strong>0.80<\/strong> \u00b7 Allocation ratio = <strong>1<\/strong> (gruplar e\u015fit)<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">5<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Calculate’e t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/strong>\n <p>G*Power size toplam ve her grup i\u00e7in gereken n’yi verir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"gpower-mock\">\n <div class=\"gpower-titlebar\">\n <div class=\"gpower-dot\" style=\"background:#ff5f57;\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-dot\" style=\"background:#febc2e;\"><\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-dot\" style=\"background:#28c840;\"><\/div>\n <span class=\"gpower-title\">G*Power 3.1 \u2014 t tests: Means: Difference between two independent groups<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-body\">\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Effect size d<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value\">0.50<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">\u03b1 err prob<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value\">0.05<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Power (1-\u03b2)<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value\">0.80<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Allocation ratio n2\/n1<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value\">1<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Sample size group 1<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value result\">51<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Sample size group 2<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value result\">51<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Total sample size<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value result\">102<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-field\">\n <span class=\"gpower-label\">Actual power<\/span>\n <span class=\"gpower-value result\">0.8018<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"gpower-footer\">\n <span>A priori: Compute required sample size<\/span>\n <span style=\"opacity:0.7;\">Two-tailed<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>Sonu\u00e7: Orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir etkiyi %80 g\u00fc\u00e7le tespit etmek i\u00e7in her grupta <strong>51<\/strong>, toplamda <strong>102<\/strong> kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131ya ihtiya\u00e7 var. “Her gruptan 30 yeter” diyenler bu durumda g\u00fcc\u00fc yakla\u015f\u0131k %54’e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcyor \u2014 yani ger\u00e7ek bir etki olsa bile bunu ancak yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya tespit edebilecekler.<\/p>\n\n <h3>Di\u011fer analizler i\u00e7in G*Power men\u00fcleri<\/h3>\n\n <table class=\"summary-table\">\n <tr>\n <th>Analiz<\/th>\n <th>Test Family<\/th>\n <th>Statistical Test<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>E\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015f t-testi<\/td>\n <td>t tests<\/td>\n <td>Means: Difference between two dependent groups<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc ANOVA<\/td>\n <td>F tests<\/td>\n <td>ANOVA: Fixed effects, omnibus, one-way<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Korelasyon<\/td>\n <td>t tests<\/td>\n <td>Correlation: Point biserial model<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>\u00c7oklu regresyon<\/td>\n <td>F tests<\/td>\n <td>Linear multiple regression: Fixed model, R\u00b2 deviation from zero<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Ki-kare<\/td>\n <td>Chi-square tests<\/td>\n <td>Goodness-of-fit tests \/ Contingency tables<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Lojistik regresyon<\/td>\n <td>z tests<\/td>\n <td>Logistic regression<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/table>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n \n <h2 id=\"pratik\">Pratik \u00f6neriler ve s\u0131k yap\u0131lan hatalar<\/h2>\n\n <h3>Ne zaman g\u00fc\u00e7 analizi yap\u0131lmal\u0131?<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u0130deal olan <strong>veri toplamadan \u00f6nce<\/strong> \u2014 buna <em>a priori<\/em> g\u00fc\u00e7 analizi denir. Bu, ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131z\u0131 gereksiz yere k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya da b\u00fcy\u00fck tutmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nman\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n <p>Veri topland\u0131ktan sonra yap\u0131lan <em>post-hoc<\/em> g\u00fc\u00e7 analizi ise \u00e7ok daha s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bilgi verir ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. “Anlaml\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131, g\u00fcc\u00fcm ne kadard\u0131?” sorusu post-hoc analizle yan\u0131tlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ama bu hesap b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde gereksizdir \u2014 anlaml\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmayan sonu\u00e7tan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 zaten anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"callout green\">\n <div class=\"callout-title\">\u0130yi bir al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k<\/div>\n <p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00f6nerinizi yazarken veya etik kurula ba\u015fvururken g\u00fc\u00e7 analizinizi yap\u0131n ve kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtin. “Literat\u00fcrdeki benzer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan elde edilen ortalama d = 0.45 temel al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r” gibi bir ifade, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131za g\u00fcvenilirlik katar.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>S\u0131k yap\u0131lan hatalar<\/h3>\n\n <div class=\"step-list\">\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">!<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 tahmin etmek<\/strong>\n <p>“B\u00fcy\u00fck etki bekliyorum” deyip az kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak, ger\u00e7ek etki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca anlaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7 vermeyen bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">!<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Kay\u0131plar\u0131 hesaba katmamak<\/strong>\n <p>Uygulama s\u0131ras\u0131nda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00e7ekilebilir, veriler eksik kalabilir. Hesaplanan n’ye %10\u201320 ekleme yapmak yayg\u0131n bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">!<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>Toplam n ile grup n’sini kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak<\/strong>\n <p>G*Power’\u0131n verdi\u011fi sonu\u00e7 bazen her grup i\u00e7in, bazen toplamad\u0131r. \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131y\u0131 dikkatlice okuyun.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"step-item\">\n <div class=\"step-num\">!<\/div>\n <div class=\"step-content\">\n <strong>G\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcksek tutmak i\u00e7in her zaman n art\u0131rmak<\/strong>\n <p>G\u00fc\u00e7 art\u0131rman\u0131n tek yolu n de\u011fildir. Daha iyi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ara\u00e7lar\u0131, daha homojen \u00f6rneklem veya tekrarl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm deseni de g\u00fcc\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"callout blue\">\n <div class=\"callout-title\">Son not<\/div>\n <p>G\u00fc\u00e7 analizi bir garanti de\u011fildir. Belirledi\u011finiz ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, o etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tespit etme <em>olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/em> size verir. Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnya her zaman biraz farkl\u0131 i\u015fler \u2014 ama planl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak planlamadan \u00e7ok daha iyi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furur.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <hr class=\"div\">\n\n <p style=\"font-size: 15px; color: var(--ink-faint); text-align: center; font-style: italic;\">\n Bu yaz\u0131 hakk\u0131nda sorular\u0131n\u0131z varsa yorum b\u0131rakabilirsiniz.<br>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\">istatistik.gen.tr<\/a>\n <\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"footer\">\n <p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\">istatistik.gen.tr<\/a> \u2014 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e istatistik ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri<\/p>\n <p style=\"margin-top: 6px; opacity: 0.6; font-size: 13px;\">Bir proje kapsam\u0131nda yapay zeka taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ka\u00e7 Ki\u015fiyle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131m? \u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve G\u00fc\u00e7 Analizi Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Y\u00f6ntemleri \u2022 \u00d6rneklem Ka\u00e7 Ki\u015fiyle \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131m?\u00d6rneklem B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve G\u00fc\u00e7 Analizi “30 ki\u015fi yeter mi?” sorusunun arkas\u0131nda yatan mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlay\u0131n ve G*Power ile do\u011fru \u00f6rneklem b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hesaplay\u0131n. \u0130\u00e7indekiler “Ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi yeter?” sorusu neden bu kadar zor? D\u00f6rt temel kavram: G\u00fc\u00e7, etki b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, alfa, n \u0130ki t\u00fcr hata:…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1267"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1271,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267\/revisions\/1271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1267"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1267"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1267"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}