{"id":1280,"date":"2026-05-19T22:02:11","date_gmt":"2026-05-19T19:02:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/?p=1280"},"modified":"2026-05-19T22:32:04","modified_gmt":"2026-05-19T19:32:04","slug":"orijinal-olcekten-madde-atarak-uyarlama-yapilabilir-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.istatistik.gen.tr\/?p=1280","title":{"rendered":"Orijinal \u00d6l\u00e7ekten Madde Atarak Uyarlama Yap\u0131labilir mi?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\u00d6l\u00e7ek Uyarlamas\u0131nda Madde Atmak | istatistik.gen.tr<\/title>\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Lora:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600&family=DM+Sans:wght@400;500;600&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<style>\n:root {\n --ink: #1c1917;\n --ink-soft: #57534e;\n --ink-ghost: #a8a29e;\n --bg: #fefce8;\n --bg-warm: #fef9c3;\n --bg-card: #fffbeb;\n --border: #e7e5e4;\n --red: #991b1b;\n --red-lt: #fef2f2;\n --red-mid: #dc2626;\n --green: #166534;\n --green-lt: #f0fdf4;\n --blue: #1e40af;\n --blue-lt: #eff6ff;\n --amber: #92400e;\n --amber-lt: #fffbeb;\n --amber-mid: #d97706;\n --serif: 'Lora', Georgia, serif;\n --sans: 'DM Sans', system-ui, sans-serif;\n --mono: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n --shadow: 0 1px 8px rgba(28,25,23,.08);\n --shadow-md: 0 4px 20px rgba(28,25,23,.12);\n}\n\n*, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; 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margin-bottom: .6rem; }\n.vangogh-body p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n\n\/* K\u00f6pr\u00fc sorusu *\/\n.bridge {\n background: #fef9c3;\n border: 1px solid #fde047;\n border-radius: 6px;\n padding: .95rem 1.3rem;\n margin: 2rem 0;\n display: flex;\n align-items: flex-start;\n gap: .75rem;\n font-family: var(--sans);\n font-size: .93rem;\n font-weight: 500;\n color: var(--amber);\n line-height: 1.5;\n}\n.bridge-icon { font-size: 1.1rem; flex-shrink: 0; margin-top: .05rem; }\n\n\/* Tablo *\/\n.table-wrap {\n overflow-x: auto;\n margin: 1.8rem 0;\n border-radius: 6px;\n box-shadow: var(--shadow);\n}\ntable {\n width: 100%;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n font-family: var(--sans);\n font-size: .84rem;\n background: #fff;\n}\nthead tr { background: var(--ink); color: #fff; }\nthead th {\n padding: .7rem 1rem;\n text-align: left;\n font-weight: 600;\n letter-spacing: .03em;\n font-size: .78rem;\n}\ntbody tr { border-bottom: 1px solid #eee; }\ntbody tr:nth-child(even) { background: #fafaf7; }\ntbody tr:hover { background: var(--bg-warm); }\ntbody td {\n padding: .6rem 1rem;\n color: var(--ink);\n line-height: 1.45;\n vertical-align: top;\n}\ntbody td:first-child { font-weight: 600; }\n\n\/* Kod bloklar\u0131 *\/\n.code-wrap {\n margin: 1.8rem 0;\n border-radius: 6px;\n overflow: hidden;\n box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);\n border: 1px solid #2a2a1e;\n}\n.code-header {\n background: #1c1917;\n padding: .5rem 1rem;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: space-between;\n}\n.code-lang {\n font-family: var(--sans);\n font-size: .7rem;\n font-weight: 600;\n letter-spacing: .1em;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n color: #fbbf24;\n}\n.code-copy {\n font-family: var(--sans);\n font-size: .7rem;\n color: #78716c;\n background: none;\n border: 1px solid #44403c;\n border-radius: 3px;\n padding: .12rem .5rem;\n cursor: pointer;\n transition: all .15s;\n}\n.code-copy:hover { color: #fff; border-color: #78716c; }\n.code-copy.copied { color: #86efac; border-color: #86efac; }\npre {\n background: #0f0e0c;\n padding: 1.3rem 1.4rem;\n overflow-x: auto;\n margin: 0;\n font-family: var(--mono);\n font-size: .81rem;\n line-height: 1.75;\n}\n.kw { color: #f472b6; }\n.fn { color: #60a5fa; }\n.str { color: #86efac; }\n.num { color: #fb923c; }\n.op { color: #67e8f9; }\n.cm { color: #57534e; font-style: italic; }\n.va { color: #e7e5e4; }\n.pn { color: #fde68a; }\n.co { color: #a78bfa; } \/* constant \/ special *\/\n\n\/* Ad\u0131m rozeti *\/\n.step-badge {\n display: inline-flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: .5rem;\n font-family: var(--sans);\n font-size: .72rem;\n font-weight: 600;\n letter-spacing: .06em;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n color: var(--ink);\n background: #fde68a;\n border-radius: 20px;\n padding: .22rem .9rem .22rem .6rem;\n margin-bottom: .8rem;\n}\n.step-num {\n background: var(--ink);\n color: #fde68a;\n border-radius: 50%;\n width: 1.25rem;\n height: 1.25rem;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n font-size: .68rem;\n}\n\n\/* Sonu\u00e7 kart\u0131 *\/\n.sonuc-card {\n background: var(--ink);\n color: rgba(255,255,255,.85);\n border-radius: 8px;\n padding: 2rem;\n margin-top: 2rem;\n}\n.sonuc-card h3 {\n font-family: var(--serif);\n color: #fde68a;\n font-size: 1.1rem;\n margin-bottom: 1rem;\n font-style: normal;\n}\n.sonuc-card p { text-align: left; color: rgba(255,255,255,.78); }\n.sonuc-card ul { color: rgba(255,255,255,.78); }\n\n\/* Footer *\/\n.site-footer {\n background: var(--ink);\n color: rgba(255,255,255,.4);\n text-align: center;\n padding: 2rem;\n font-family: var(--sans);\n font-size: .8rem;\n margin-top: 2rem;\n}\n.site-footer a { color: #fbbf24; text-decoration: none; }\n\n\/* Responsive *\/\n@media (max-width: 600px) {\n html { font-size: 15px; }\n .hero { padding: 3.2rem 1.2rem 3rem; }\n .toc-list { columns: 1; }\n .page-wrap { padding: 2.5rem 1.2rem 4rem; }\n .vangogh-quote { font-size: 1.15rem; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<header class=\"site-header\">\n <a href=\"\/\" class=\"site-logo\">istatistik<span>.gen.tr<\/span><\/a>\n <span class=\"header-tag\">\u00d6l\u00e7me & De\u011ferlendirme<\/span>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"hero\">\n <div class=\"hero-eyebrow\">\u00d6l\u00e7ek Uyarlamas\u0131<\/div>\n <h1>Orijinal \u00d6l\u00e7ekten Madde Atarak<br><em>Uyarlama Yap\u0131labilir mi?<\/em><\/h1>\n <p class=\"hero-sub\">Bir \u00f6l\u00e7ek yaln\u0131zca maddelerin toplam\u0131 de\u011fildir. Peki ya o maddelerden biri “tutmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda” ne olur?<\/p>\n <div class=\"hero-meta\">\n <span class=\"hero-meta-item\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><circle cx=\"12\" cy=\"12\" r=\"10\"\/><polyline points=\"12 6 12 12 16 14\"\/><\/svg>\n ~12 dakika okuma\n <\/span>\n <span class=\"hero-meta-item\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"16 18 22 12 16 6\"\/><polyline points=\"8 6 2 12 8 18\"\/><\/svg>\n R \/ lavaan kodu i\u00e7erir\n <\/span>\n <span class=\"hero-meta-item\">\n <svg width=\"13\" height=\"13\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M22 10v6M2 10l10-5 10 5-10 5z\"\/><path d=\"M6 12v5c3 3 9 3 12 0v-5\"\/><\/svg>\n Lisans & doktora \u00f6\u011frencileri\n <\/span>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"page-wrap\">\n\n <!-- \u0130\u00e7indekiler -->\n <nav class=\"toc-card\">\n <div class=\"toc-label\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/div>\n <ul class=\"toc-list\">\n <li><a href=\"#vangogh\">1. Van Gogh’un Tablosu<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#olcek-nedir\">2. \u00d6l\u00e7ek Nedir Ontolojik Olarak?<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ne-oluyor\">3. “Maddeyi Att\u0131m” \u2014 Ne Oldu Asl\u0131nda?<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#dogru-uyarlama\">4. Do\u011fru Uyarlama Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#lavaan\">5. R ile Uygulama: lavaan<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#zorunluluk\">6. Madde Atmak Zorunda Kald\u0131m<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#sonuc\">7. Sonu\u00e7<\/a><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/nav>\n\n <article class=\"article\">\n\n <!-- 1. Van Gogh -->\n <h2 id=\"vangogh\">1. Van Gogh’un Tablosu<\/h2>\n\n <p>Van Gogh’un bir tablosunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn. O tablo bir uyar\u0131c\u0131lar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr \u2014 renk se\u00e7imleri, f\u0131r\u00e7a darbeleri, perspektif, nesnelerin birbirine g\u00f6re konumu. Bunlar\u0131n her biri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 anlams\u0131z olabilir; ama bir arada, belirli bir s\u0131rayla ve oranla bir araya geldiklerinde bir anlam b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcretirler. Sanat\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr o anlam\u0131 \u00fcretir, izleyicinin k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc onu al\u0131mlar. Tablo, bu iki k\u00fclt\u00fcr aras\u0131nda kurulan bir k\u00f6pr\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n <p>\u015eimdi bu tabloyu T\u00fcrkiye’ye getiriyoruz. Bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131yoruz; kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lara tabloyu g\u00f6steriyoruz ve tepkilerini \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcyoruz. Ama bir sorun var: tablodaki sandalyeler T\u00fcrk kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131larda beklenen tepkiyi \u00fcretmiyor. Fakt\u00f6r analizimiz tutmuyor; sandalyeler “y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yor.”<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"vangogh-box\">\n <div class=\"vangogh-quote\">“O zaman sandalyeleri silelim.”<\/div>\n <div class=\"vangogh-body\">\n <p>Bu tablo art\u0131k Van Gogh’un tablosu mudur? Sandalyeler gittikten sonra elde etti\u011fimiz tepki, orijinal tablonun uyand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tepkiyle ayn\u0131 m\u0131? Biz buna “Van Gogh’un tablosunun T\u00fcrk\u00e7e uyarlamas\u0131” diyebilir miyiz?<\/p>\n <p>Aksine: sandalyeler \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u015fey, Van Gogh’un vermek istedi\u011fi etkiden bamba\u015fka bir psikolojik uzayda yer al\u0131yor olabilir. \u0130ki etki art\u0131k ayn\u0131 eksende bile de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\u00d6l\u00e7ek uyarlamas\u0131 da tam olarak budur. Ve sahadaki ger\u00e7eklik \u015fudur: ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar her g\u00fcn “sandalyeleri siliyor,” bunun \u00fcst\u00fcne de “Van Gogh’un orijinal \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini kulland\u0131k” diye yaz\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n <!-- 2. \u00d6l\u00e7ek nedir -->\n <h2 id=\"olcek-nedir\">2. \u00d6l\u00e7ek Nedir Ontolojik Olarak?<\/h2>\n\n <p>Bir \u00f6l\u00e7ek, yaln\u0131zca sorular\u0131n bir listesi de\u011fildir. Her \u00f6l\u00e7ek \u00fc\u00e7 \u015feyin birle\u015fimidir:<\/p>\n\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Teorik bir yap\u0131:<\/strong> \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclmek istenen psikolojik \u00f6zelli\u011fin kuramsal \u00e7er\u00e7evesi.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Bir uyar\u0131c\u0131lar \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc:<\/strong> Bu yap\u0131y\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f, belirli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ba\u011flamda anlam ta\u015f\u0131yan ifadeler \u2014 ve bu ifadelerin birbirleriyle ili\u015fkisi, s\u0131ras\u0131, dengesi.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Psikometrik bir kan\u0131t k\u00fcmesi:<\/strong> Belirli bir \u00f6rneklemde, belirli bir prosed\u00fcrle elde edilmi\u015f ge\u00e7erlik ve g\u00fcvenirlik bulgular\u0131.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p>Bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc bir arada anlam ta\u015f\u0131r. Birini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finizde di\u011ferleri de sars\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <p>Uyar\u0131c\u0131lar \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc meselesine biraz daha odaklanal\u0131m. Bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki maddeler birlikte bir anlam b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fcretir. Bu b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde <strong>maddelerin nas\u0131l s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile<\/strong> \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclecek \u00f6zelli\u011fin nas\u0131l tetiklendi\u011fini belirleyen ve s\u0131n\u0131rlayan bir etkendir. Maddelerin birbirini nas\u0131l izledi\u011fi, kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131da hangi zihinsel \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi aktive etti\u011fi, hangi boyutu \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p hangisini geri plana att\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2014 bunlar\u0131n hepsi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm s\u00fcrecinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"box box-amber\">\n <div class=\"box-title\">\u26a0\ufe0f Temel \u0130lke<\/div>\n <p>Bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki tek bir madde bile de\u011fi\u015fse \u2014 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lsa, eklense ya da yeri de\u011fi\u015fse \u2014 o art\u0131k neyi uyard\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin olarak bilinmeyen bir uyar\u0131c\u0131 tak\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m de\u011fil; \u00f6l\u00e7menin do\u011fas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>Bunu s\u00f6ylemek, “hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyin” demek de\u011fildir. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel uyarlama ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Ama bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve bedelleri hakk\u0131nda d\u00fcr\u00fcst olmay\u0131 gerektirmektedir.<\/p>\n\n <!-- 3. Ne oluyor asl\u0131nda -->\n <h2 id=\"ne-oluyor\">3. “Fakt\u00f6r Analizi Tutmad\u0131, Maddeyi Att\u0131m” \u2014 Ne Oldu Asl\u0131nda?<\/h2>\n\n <p>Sahadaki tipik senaryo \u015fu \u015fekilde i\u015fler: Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 orijinal \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evirir. Do\u011frulay\u0131c\u0131 fakt\u00f6r analizi (DFA) yapar. Birka\u00e7 maddenin fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7\u0131kar ya da model uyumu kabul edilebilir s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kal\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 bu maddeleri atar, modeli yeniden \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, uyum iyile\u015fir. Makaleye “\u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e uyarlamas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r” yazar.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"box box-red\">\n <div class=\"box-title\">\ud83d\udeab Bu S\u00fcre\u00e7te Neler Atlan\u0131yor?<\/div>\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Neden tutmad\u0131 sorusu sorulmad\u0131.<\/strong> Madde ger\u00e7ekten k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak i\u015flevsiz mi, yoksa \u00e7eviri sorunu mu, yoksa \u00f6rneklem sorunu mu? Bu ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmadan at\u0131lan madde, bir semptomu de\u011fil belki de hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisini g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor olabilir.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Yap\u0131sal e\u015fde\u011ferlik test edilmedi.<\/strong> Kalan maddeler h\u00e2l\u00e2 orijinal \u00f6l\u00e7ekle ayn\u0131 psikolojik yap\u0131y\u0131 m\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcyor? Bu soru hi\u00e7 sorulmad\u0131.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Psikometrik kan\u0131t yeniden \u00fcretilmedi.<\/strong> Madde at\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra elde edilen \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin ge\u00e7erlik ve g\u00fcvenirli\u011fi s\u0131f\u0131rdan kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gerekirken, orijinal \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin psikometrik \u00f6zellikleri sahiplenilmeye devam edildi.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Okuyucu yan\u0131lt\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong> “X \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini kulland\u0131k” ibaresi, okuyucuda orijinal \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin t\u00fcm \u00f6zelliklerinin devrede oldu\u011fu izlenimini yarat\u0131r. Ama kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 art\u0131k o \u00f6l\u00e7ek de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>Burada \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir epistemolojik sorun var: fakt\u00f6r analizinin “tutmamas\u0131” bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k habercisi de\u011fil, <strong>bir bilgi kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong> Madde bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrde tutmuyorsa bunun bir nedeni vard\u0131r. Bu neden ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmadan maddeyi atmak, bir termometrenin y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k g\u00f6stermesi \u00fczerine termometreyi k\u0131rmaya benzer.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"bridge\">\n <span class=\"bridge-icon\">\ud83e\udd14<\/span>\n Peki do\u011fru olan ne? Bir maddenin bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrde “tutmamas\u0131” bize ne s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor ve biz ne yapmal\u0131y\u0131z?\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- 4. Do\u011fru uyarlama -->\n <h2 id=\"dogru-uyarlama\">4. Do\u011fru Uyarlama Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r?<\/h2>\n\n <h3>4.1. \u00c7eviri De\u011fil, E\u015fde\u011fer Uyar\u0131c\u0131 \u00dcretmek<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u00d6l\u00e7ek uyarlamas\u0131nda ilk ve en yayg\u0131n hata, s\u00fcreci bir \u00e7eviri i\u015fi olarak g\u00f6rmektir. Oysa mesele, orijinal dildeki kelimelerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmak de\u011fil; o kelimelerin orijinal k\u00fclt\u00fcrdeki <strong>psikolojik etkisinin e\u015fde\u011ferini<\/strong> hedef k\u00fclt\u00fcrde \u00fcretmektir.<\/p>\n\n <p>Bir ifade birebir \u00e7evrildi\u011finde tam anlam\u0131yla ayn\u0131 \u015feyi s\u00f6yleyebilir ama ayn\u0131 uyar\u0131c\u0131 etkiyi \u00fcretmeyebilir. Tersine, farkl\u0131 kelimelerle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ifade tam olarak ayn\u0131 psikolojik \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc harekete ge\u00e7irebilir. Ama\u00e7 kelime e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fi de\u011fil, <strong>uyar\u0131c\u0131 e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fidir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n <p>Bunu sa\u011flaman\u0131n pratikte birka\u00e7 a\u015famas\u0131 vard\u0131r:<\/p>\n <ul>\n <li>\u0130leri-geri \u00e7eviri (forward-back translation) \u2014 ama bunu yeterli g\u00f6rmemek.<\/li>\n <li>Hedef k\u00fclt\u00fcrden uzmanlarla bili\u015fsel \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler: kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 maddeyi okurken ne anl\u0131yor, hangi durumlar\u0131, ki\u015fileri, duygular\u0131 hayal ediyor?<\/li>\n <li>Pilot uygulama ve madde baz\u0131nda g\u00f6zleme dayal\u0131 inceleme \u2014 istatistiklere ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <h3>4.2. Uyar\u0131c\u0131 \u015eiddetinin E\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fi<\/h3>\n\n <p>\u00c7eviri do\u011fru olsa bile uyar\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n <em>\u015fiddeti<\/em> farkl\u0131 olabilir. Orijinal k\u00fclt\u00fcrde “Hi\u00e7bir zaman kendimi de\u011fersiz hissetmem” ifadesi belirli bir psikolojik y\u00fckle geliyorsa, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayn\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131mal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00fck k\u00fclt\u00fcrden k\u00fclt\u00fcre farkl\u0131la\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n\n <p>Uyar\u0131c\u0131 \u015fiddetinin e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fini s\u0131naman\u0131n en do\u011frudan yolu, orijinal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadaki <strong>fakt\u00f6r y\u00fcklerini beklenen de\u011fer olarak kullanmakt\u0131r.<\/strong> Orijinal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada bir maddenin fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fc 0.78 ise, uyarlanan \u00f6l\u00e7ekte bu maddenin fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 bi\u00e7imde farkl\u0131la\u015fmamas\u0131 beklenir.<\/p>\n\n <p>Elbette “ne kadar sapma kabul edilebilir?” sorusu kritiktir. Burada birka\u00e7 yakla\u015f\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir:<\/p>\n\n <ul>\n <li>Orijinal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fc standart hatalar\u0131 eri\u015filebilirse, z testi uygulanabilir. Pratikte bu bilgiye \u00e7o\u011funlukla ula\u015f\u0131lamaz.<\/li>\n <li>Eri\u015filemeyen durumlarda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 kabul edilebilir bir sapma aral\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirleyebilir (\u00f6rn. \u00b10.10) ve bu karar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle birlikte raporlamal\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat unutulmamaml\u0131d\u0131r ki burada al\u0131nacak karar yine de feyfi olacakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n <li>Daha ileri bir ad\u0131m olarak <strong>\u00f6l\u00e7me de\u011fi\u015fmezli\u011fi (measurement invariance)<\/strong> analizi yap\u0131labilir \u2014 ancak bu i\u00e7in orijinal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ham verilerine ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r ki bu genellikle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmaz.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <div class=\"box box-blue\">\n <div class=\"box-title\">\u2139\ufe0f Bir Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Bo\u015flu\u011fu<\/div>\n <p>Fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fc e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fini istatistiksel olarak s\u0131nayan, standart hata tahmini olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda kabul edilebilir sapma aral\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6neren ve bunu T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6rneklemi \u00fczerinde uygulayan kapsaml\u0131 bir metodoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 hen\u00fcz T\u00fcrk\u00e7e literat\u00fcrde bulunmuyor. Bu, iyi bir tez veya makale konusu olabilir.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- 5. R\/lavaan -->\n <h2 id=\"lavaan\">5. R ile Uygulama: lavaan’da Fakt\u00f6r Y\u00fck\u00fc Sabitleme<\/h2>\n\n <p>Teorik tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 somutla\u015ft\u0131ral\u0131m. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte, orijinal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada fakt\u00f6r y\u00fckleri bilinen 5 maddelik kurgusal bir \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye uyarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 varsay\u0131yoruz. Lavaan ile iki farkl\u0131 model kuruyoruz:<\/p>\n\n <ul>\n <li><strong>Serbest model:<\/strong> Fakt\u00f6r y\u00fckleri serbest\u00e7e tahmin edilir (standart DFA).<\/li>\n <li><strong>K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 model:<\/strong> Fakt\u00f6r y\u00fckleri orijinal de\u011ferlere sabitlenir; model uyumu test edilir.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n\n <p>Ard\u0131ndan iki modeli kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak madde baz\u0131nda ne kadar sapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"code-wrap\">\n <div class=\"code-header\">\n <span class=\"code-lang\">R<\/span>\n <button class=\"code-copy\" onclick=\"copyCode(this)\">Kopyala<\/button>\n <\/div>\n<pre><span class=\"cm\"># \u2500\u2500 K\u00fct\u00fcphaneler \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500<\/span>\n<span class=\"kw\">library<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">lavaan<\/span>)\n<span class=\"kw\">library<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">dplyr<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"cm\"># \u2500\u2500 Kurgusal veri: 5 madde, 300 ki\u015filik T\u00fcrk\u00e7e uyarlama verisi \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500<\/span>\n<span class=\"fn\">set.seed<\/span>(<span class=\"num\">42<\/span>)\n<span class=\"va\">n<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"num\">300<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"cm\"># Orijinal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmadaki fakt\u00f6r y\u00fckleri (raporlanm\u0131\u015f)<\/span>\n<span class=\"va\">yuk_orijinal<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">c<\/span>(<span class=\"num\">.78<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">.72<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">.80<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">.65<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">.71<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"cm\"># Kurgusal T\u00fcrk\u00e7e veride ger\u00e7ek y\u00fckler biraz farkl\u0131 olsun<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># (3. madde sorunlu \u2014 bu bizim \"tutmayan sandalye\")<\/span>\n<span class=\"va\">yuk_turkce<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">c<\/span>(<span class=\"num\">.74<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">.69<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">.41<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">.68<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">.73<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"va\">faktor<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">rnorm<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">n<\/span>)\n<span class=\"va\">hata<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">matrix<\/span>(<span class=\"fn\">rnorm<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">n<\/span> <span class=\"op\">*<\/span> <span class=\"num\">5<\/span>), <span class=\"pn\">nrow<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"va\">n<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"va\">veri<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"kw\">as.data.frame<\/span>(<span class=\"fn\">sapply<\/span>(<span class=\"num\">1<\/span><span class=\"op\">:<\/span><span class=\"num\">5<\/span>, <span class=\"kw\">function<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">i<\/span>) {\n <span class=\"va\">yuk_turkce<\/span>[<span class=\"va\">i<\/span>] <span class=\"op\">*<\/span> <span class=\"va\">faktor<\/span> <span class=\"op\">+<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">sqrt<\/span>(<span class=\"num\">1<\/span> <span class=\"op\">-<\/span> <span class=\"va\">yuk_turkce<\/span>[<span class=\"va\">i<\/span>]<span class=\"op\">^<\/span><span class=\"num\">2<\/span>) <span class=\"op\">*<\/span> <span class=\"va\">hata<\/span>[, <span class=\"va\">i<\/span>]\n}))\n<span class=\"fn\">names<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">veri<\/span>) <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">paste0<\/span>(<span class=\"str\">'m'<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">1<\/span><span class=\"op\">:<\/span><span class=\"num\">5<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"cm\"># \u2500\u2500 Model 1: Serbest (standart DFA) \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500<\/span>\n<span class=\"va\">model_serbest<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"str\">'\n psikolojik_yapi =~ m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5\n'<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"va\">fit_serbest<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">cfa<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">model_serbest<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">data<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"va\">veri<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">std.lv<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"co\">TRUE<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"fn\">cat<\/span>(<span class=\"str\">'\u2500\u2500 Model 1: Serbest \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\\n'<\/span>)\n<span class=\"fn\">summary<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">fit_serbest<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">fit.measures<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"co\">TRUE<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">standardized<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"co\">TRUE<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"cm\"># \u2500\u2500 Model 2: K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 (orijinal y\u00fckler sabitlendi) \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># Lavaan'da sabit y\u00fck i\u00e7in madde = yuk * fakt\u00f6r s\u00f6zdizimi kullan\u0131l\u0131r<\/span>\n<span class=\"va\">model_kisitli<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"str\">'\n psikolojik_yapi =~ 0.78*m1 + 0.72*m2 + 0.80*m3 + 0.65*m4 + 0.71*m5\n'<\/span>\n\n<span class=\"va\">fit_kisitli<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">cfa<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">model_kisitli<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">data<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"va\">veri<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">std.lv<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"co\">TRUE<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"fn\">cat<\/span>(<span class=\"str\">'\\n\u2500\u2500 Model 2: K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 (orijinal y\u00fckler sabitlendi) \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\\n'<\/span>)\n<span class=\"fn\">summary<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">fit_kisitli<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">fit.measures<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"co\">TRUE<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">standardized<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"co\">TRUE<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"cm\"># \u2500\u2500 Model kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500<\/span>\n<span class=\"fn\">cat<\/span>(<span class=\"str\">'\\n\u2500\u2500 Model Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\\n'<\/span>)\n<span class=\"fn\">anova<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">fit_serbest<\/span>, <span class=\"va\">fit_kisitli<\/span>)<\/pre>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\u015eimdi madde baz\u0131nda sapmalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a raporlayal\u0131m. Bu ad\u0131m \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada atlan\u0131r ama en kritik ad\u0131md\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"code-wrap\">\n <div class=\"code-header\">\n <span class=\"code-lang\">R<\/span>\n <button class=\"code-copy\" onclick=\"copyCode(this)\">Kopyala<\/button>\n <\/div>\n<pre><span class=\"cm\"># \u2500\u2500 Madde baz\u0131nda fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500<\/span>\n<span class=\"va\">yukler_serbest<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">standardizedsolution<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">fit_serbest<\/span>) <span class=\"op\">%>%<\/span>\n <span class=\"fn\">filter<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">op<\/span> <span class=\"op\">==<\/span> <span class=\"str\">'=~'<\/span>) <span class=\"op\">%>%<\/span>\n <span class=\"fn\">select<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">rhs<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">yuk_turkce<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"va\">est.std<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"va\">karsilastirma<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"va\">yukler_serbest<\/span> <span class=\"op\">%>%<\/span>\n <span class=\"fn\">mutate<\/span>(\n <span class=\"pn\">madde<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"va\">rhs<\/span>,\n <span class=\"pn\">yuk_orijinal<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"va\">yuk_orijinal<\/span>,\n <span class=\"pn\">sapma<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">round<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">yuk_turkce<\/span> <span class=\"op\">-<\/span> <span class=\"va\">yuk_orijinal<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">3<\/span>),\n <span class=\"pn\">yuk_turkce<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">round<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">yuk_turkce<\/span>, <span class=\"num\">3<\/span>),\n <span class=\"pn\">sorunlu<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">ifelse<\/span>(<span class=\"fn\">abs<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">sapma<\/span>) <span class=\"op\">><\/span> <span class=\"num\">.10<\/span>, <span class=\"str\">'\u26a0\ufe0f Dikkat'<\/span>, <span class=\"str\">'\u2713'<\/span>)\n ) <span class=\"op\">%>%<\/span>\n <span class=\"fn\">select<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">madde<\/span>, <span class=\"va\">yuk_orijinal<\/span>, <span class=\"va\">yuk_turkce<\/span>, <span class=\"va\">sapma<\/span>, <span class=\"va\">sorunlu<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"fn\">cat<\/span>(<span class=\"str\">'\\n\u2500\u2500 Fakt\u00f6r Y\u00fck\u00fc Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma Tablosu \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\\n'<\/span>)\n<span class=\"fn\">print<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">karsilastirma<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"cm\"># \u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 (yakla\u015f\u0131k):<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># madde yuk_orijinal yuk_turkce sapma sorunlu<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># m1 0.78 0.74 -0.040 \u2713<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># m2 0.72 0.69 -0.030 \u2713<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># m3 0.80 0.41 -0.390 \u26a0\ufe0f Dikkat<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># m4 0.65 0.68 0.030 \u2713<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># m5 0.71 0.73 0.020 \u2713<\/span><\/pre>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131 bize \u015funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: m3 \u2014 bizim “tutmayan sandalye” \u2014 orijinal k\u00fclt\u00fcrde 0.80 y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131rken T\u00fcrk\u00e7e veride yaln\u0131zca 0.41 y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yor. Bu 0.39 puanl\u0131k sapma rastlant\u0131sal de\u011fildir ve ciddi bir anlam sorununa i\u015faret eder.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"bridge\">\n <span class=\"bridge-icon\">\ud83e\udd14<\/span>\n Bu noktada standart yakla\u015f\u0131m m3’\u00fc atmakt\u0131r. Ama \u015fimdi do\u011fru soruyu soral\u0131m: m3 neden tutmuyor?\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"code-wrap\">\n <div class=\"code-header\">\n <span class=\"code-lang\">R<\/span>\n <button class=\"code-copy\" onclick=\"copyCode(this)\">Kopyala<\/button>\n <\/div>\n<pre><span class=\"cm\"># \u2500\u2500 Modifikasyon indekslerine bakal\u0131m \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># Maddenin ba\u015fka fakt\u00f6rlerle ili\u015fkisi var m\u0131?<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># \u00d6l\u00e7ek tek fakt\u00f6rl\u00fcyse, m3 hangi maddelerle korelasyon art\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor?<\/span>\n<span class=\"fn\">modindices<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">fit_serbest<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">sort.<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"co\">TRUE<\/span>, <span class=\"pn\">maximum.number<\/span> <span class=\"op\">=<\/span> <span class=\"num\">10<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"cm\"># \u2500\u2500 Madde-toplam korelasyonu \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># Basit bir kontrol: m3 di\u011fer maddelerle ne kadar ili\u015fkili?<\/span>\n<span class=\"va\">toplam_diger<\/span> <span class=\"op\"><-<\/span> <span class=\"fn\">rowSums<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">veri<\/span>[, <span class=\"fn\">c<\/span>(<span class=\"str\">'m1'<\/span>,<span class=\"str\">'m2'<\/span>,<span class=\"str\">'m4'<\/span>,<span class=\"str\">'m5'<\/span>)])\n<span class=\"fn\">cat<\/span>(<span class=\"str\">'m3 ile di\u011fer maddeler toplam\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki korelasyon:'<\/span>,\n <span class=\"fn\">round<\/span>(<span class=\"fn\">cor<\/span>(<span class=\"va\">veri<\/span><span class=\"op\">$<\/span><span class=\"va\">m3<\/span>, <span class=\"va\">toplam_diger<\/span>), <span class=\"num\">3<\/span>), <span class=\"str\">'\\n'<\/span>)\n\n<span class=\"cm\"># E\u011fer bu korelasyon da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse, madde ger\u00e7ekten bu yap\u0131dan kopmu\u015f demektir.<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># Soru \u015fu: Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir sorun mu, yoksa \u00e7eviri sorunu mu?<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># \u0130statistik bize \"ne oldu\u011funu\" s\u00f6yler; \"neden oldu\u011funu\" s\u00f6ylemez.<\/span>\n<span class=\"cm\"># Cevap i\u00e7in bili\u015fsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, odak grup gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmak gerekir.<\/span><\/pre>\n <\/div>\n\n <p>\u0130\u015fte burada \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir nokta var: <strong>istatistik bize “ne oldu\u011funu” s\u00f6yler, “neden oldu\u011funu” s\u00f6ylemez.<\/strong> m3’\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 bize bir \u015feylerin yanl\u0131\u015f gitti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Ama neyin yanl\u0131\u015f gitti\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in daha bili\u015fsel sorgulamaya dayal\u0131 ara\u00e7lara \u2014 bili\u015fsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere, uzman incelemelerine, belki odak grup \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na \u2014 d\u00f6nmek gerekir.<\/p>\n\n <!-- 6. Zorunluluk -->\n <h2 id=\"zorunluluk\">6. Madde Atmak Zorunda Kald\u0131m \u2014 Ne Yapmal\u0131y\u0131m?<\/h2>\n\n <p>T\u00fcm bu \u00e7abaya ra\u011fmen bazen bir maddeyi korumak ger\u00e7ekten m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayabilir. Bili\u015fsel sorgulamalar ve inceleme yap\u0131ld\u0131, \u00e7eviri g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irildi, farkl\u0131 ifadeler denendi; ama madde bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrde hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde orijinal \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenemiyor.<\/p>\n\n <p>Bu durumda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenler s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n <ol>\n <li>\n <strong>\u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin orijinal ad\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131k kullanamazs\u0131n.<\/strong> Madde at\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ara\u00e7, orijinal \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin revizyonu ya da uyarlamas\u0131 de\u011fil; yeni bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu ara\u00e7 kendi psikometrik kan\u0131t\u0131na muhta\u00e7t\u0131r.\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <strong>Yeni psikometrik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zorunludur.<\/strong> Madde at\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra elde edilen ara\u00e7 i\u00e7in ke\u015ffedici fakt\u00f6r analizi, g\u00fcvenirlik analizi ve yak\u0131nsak\/ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131k ge\u00e7erlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131rdan yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <strong>\u015eeffaf raporlama \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/strong> Hangi maddenin neden at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu karar\u0131n nas\u0131l gerek\u00e7elendirildi\u011fi, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan arac\u0131n orijinalinden farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2014 bunlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 y\u00f6ntem b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yaz\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.\n <\/li>\n <li>\n <strong>Orijinal \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin psikometrik \u00f6zelliklerini sahiplenme.<\/strong> “\u00d6l\u00e7e\u011fin g\u00fcvenirli\u011fi 0.89 olarak raporlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r” ifadesinin alt\u0131nda art\u0131k senin arac\u0131n de\u011fil, orijinal \u00f6l\u00e7ek yatmaktad\u0131r.\n <\/li>\n <\/ol>\n\n <div class=\"box box-green\">\n <div class=\"box-title\">\u2705 Kabul Edilebilir Bir Raporlama \u00d6rne\u011fi<\/div>\n <p>“Orijinal \u00f6l\u00e7ek X maddeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e uyarlama s\u00fcrecinde m3’\u00fcn (orijinal fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fc: 0.80) bu \u00f6rneklemde yeterli fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00f6rneklemde elde edilen fakt\u00f6r y\u00fck\u00fc: 0.41). Bili\u015fsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler bu maddenin T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ifadesinin orijinal k\u00fclt\u00fcrdeki anlamsal kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam olarak ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Bu nedenle m3 \u00f6l\u00e7ekten \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f; kalan maddelerle y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen yeni analizlerde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e formun kendi psikometrik kan\u0131t\u0131 elde edilmi\u015ftir. Kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 bundan b\u00f6yle ‘[\u00d6l\u00e7ek Ad\u0131] T\u00fcrk\u00e7e K\u0131sa Formu’ olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.”<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <!-- 7. Sonu\u00e7 -->\n <h2 id=\"sonuc\">7. Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n\n <p>Van Gogh’un tablosuna d\u00f6nelim. Sandalyelerin tutmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Ne yapaca\u011f\u0131z?<\/p>\n\n <p>Do\u011fru soru \u015fudur: <em>Sandalyeler neden tutmuyor?<\/em> Bu soruyu sormak, hem daha iyi bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 hem de daha d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir bilim insan\u0131 olmay\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n\n <p>Belki sandalyeler tutmuyordur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7eviri y\u00fczeysel kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Belki tutmuyordur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrde o maddenin uyard\u0131\u011f\u0131 psikolojik \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc ger\u00e7ekten farkl\u0131d\u0131r \u2014 ve bu ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na ilgin\u00e7 bir bulgudur. Belki tutmuyordur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrde o yap\u0131n\u0131n kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 farkl\u0131 maddeler gerektirmektedir.<\/p>\n\n <p>Bunlar\u0131n hepsi, sandalyeleri silmekten \u00e7ok daha de\u011ferli bilgilerdir.<\/p>\n\n <div class=\"sonuc-card\">\n <h3>Akl\u0131n\u0131zda Kals\u0131n<\/h3>\n <ul>\n <li>Bir \u00f6l\u00e7ek uyar\u0131c\u0131lar \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr; tek madde bile de\u011fi\u015fse neyi \u00f6l\u00e7t\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale gelir.<\/li>\n <li>\u00c7eviri yeterli de\u011fildir; hedeflenecek \u015fey uyar\u0131c\u0131 e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fidir, kelime e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fi de\u011fil.<\/li>\n <li>Fakt\u00f6r analizi “ne oldu\u011funu” s\u00f6yler, “neden oldu\u011funu” s\u00f6ylemez. Zihinsel\/Bili\u015fsel sorgulamaya dayanan ara\u00e7lar olmadan madde atmak erkendir.<\/li>\n <li>Fakt\u00f6r y\u00fcklerini orijinal de\u011ferlere sabitleyerek k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 modeli test etmek, e\u015fde\u011ferli\u011fi s\u0131naman\u0131n pratik bir yoludur.<\/li>\n <li>Madde atmak zorunda kal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fin orijinal ad\u0131 art\u0131k kullan\u0131lamaz; yeni psikometrik kan\u0131t zorunludur.<\/li>\n <li>\u015eeffaf raporlama bir tercih de\u011fil, bilimsel bir sorumluluktur.<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <\/article>\n<\/div>\n\n<footer class=\"site-footer\">\n <p><a href=\"\/\">istatistik.gen.tr<\/a> \u00b7 Bir proje kapsam\u0131nda yapay zeka taraf\u0131ndan otomatik olarak \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/footer>\n\n<script>\nfunction copyCode(btn) {\n const pre = btn.closest('.code-wrap').querySelector('pre');\n navigator.clipboard.writeText(pre.innerText).then(() => {\n btn.textContent = 'Kopyaland\u0131!';\n btn.classList.add('copied');\n setTimeout(() => { btn.textContent = 'Kopyala'; btn.classList.remove('copied'); }, 1800);\n });\n}\n<\/script>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00d6l\u00e7ek Uyarlamas\u0131nda Madde Atmak | istatistik.gen.tr istatistik.gen.tr \u00d6l\u00e7me & De\u011ferlendirme \u00d6l\u00e7ek Uyarlamas\u0131 Orijinal \u00d6l\u00e7ekten Madde AtarakUyarlama Yap\u0131labilir mi? Bir \u00f6l\u00e7ek yaln\u0131zca maddelerin toplam\u0131 de\u011fildir. Peki ya o maddelerden biri “tutmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda” ne olur? ~12 dakika okuma R \/ lavaan kodu i\u00e7erir Lisans & doktora \u00f6\u011frencileri \u0130\u00e7indekiler 1. 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